Methods and Procedures:
麻豆社视频 2019 Technical Report

Michael O. Martin, Matthias von Davier, and Ina V.S. Mullis, Editors

Methods and Procedures in 麻豆社视频 2019

The chapters in this online volume comprise the 麻豆社视频 & PIRLS International Study Center's technical report of the methods and procedures used to develop, implement, and report the results of 麻豆社视频 2019. There were various technical challenges because 麻豆社视频 2019 was the initial phase of the transition to e麻豆社视频, with approximately half the countries administering the assessment via computer and the remaining countries still using the paper-and-pencil format. Thus, the 麻豆社视频 2019 assessments and questionnaires were developed and administered in both "e" and paper formats. Then, a multi-faceted approach to the achievement scaling enabled reporting comparable trends for both sets of countries on the 麻豆社视频 scales. The success of 麻豆社视频 2019 is a tribute to all those involved, including the 麻豆社视频 & PIRLS International Study Center, IEA Amsterdam, IEA Hamburg, Statistics Canada, and the National Research Coordinators and their teams in the participating countries.

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Contents

Assessment Development